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2016 •
Large quantities of waste reveal where the workshops of comb makers were located in medieval towns. Fragments of bone and antler tell us from what species the raw materials came and how the supply was organized. ln the J J'h and J2'h centuries, antler was the dominant raw material for combs, usually from local populations of elk or red deer. However, there is at least one example where reindeer antler, transported from afar, was clearly preferred over local resources. During the 13th century there was a general change in the nature of the raw material to more bones [rom domestic animais, especially cattle and horses.
The twenty combs and comb fragments from the site offer a unique glimpse of the cultural connections and transformation of this particular craft in the fourth–sixth centuries on the Hungarian Plain.
2019 •
Modern metal wire is produced by drawing solid metal rods through a draw-plate. Scandinavian smiths used this technique already during the Viking Age, but little is known about earlier Scandinavian methods for making metal wire. It has previously been suggested that the metal rivets in composite bone and antler combs may have been hollow and produced by strip-drawing, but no metallurgical studies have so far been carried out to investigate this possibility. Here, we used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate copper-alloy rivets in 11th – 12th c. composite combs from Sigtuna, the administrative centre for middle Sweden’s first Christian kings during the early Medieval period. Our SEM images showed that while some rivets were made from solid circular wire, other rivets are hollow and probably manufactured from strip-drawn wire. We also examined two perforated antler plates, likely dated to the 12th c. and excavated from a bronzesmith’s workshop in the block Trekanten in central Sigtuna. The copper and lead particles detected by SEM analysis around the plates’ holes indicate that the plates were used in metalworking activities. Because the holes are cylindrical and not conical, however, the plates would not be viable tools for drawing solid metal wire. In the strip-drawing technique, on the other hand, cylindrical holes might have been used to produce hollow metal wire. The holes in the studied antler plates have the same diameter – 2.0 mm – as many comb rivet holes, possibly suggesting a standardization for large-scale production. The bronzesmith’s location next to a combmakers’ workshop provides further support for a production connection between the two crafts. Taken together, our results indicate that the two perforated plates may have been tools for strip-drawing copper wire, used to make comb rivets.
This thesis explores the significance of the deposition of bone and antler combs in mortuary contexts across early medieval England from the 5th to 7th centuries AD. In order to understand their function in the creation of Anglo-‐Saxon identities, bone and antler comb data recovered in previous archaeological projects was collated and assessed for their contextual circumstances. The combs were analysed in relation to burial attributes including the sex, gender and age of the individual, the burial rite concerned, grave goods commonly associated with combs and their spatial placement within the burial structure. The results have shown that correlations between combs, burial spaces and bodies changed over time to reflect a shift in the significance of combs from one of conspicuous identity to a private, protected symbolism of personhood and the ‘lifecourse’ in the 6th and 7th centuries.
Bone and antler combs are one of the most commonly recovered artefacts in burials from the late Roman to later medieval period in Britain. They are one of very few objects to be associated with individuals of both sexes, all ages and every level of society. Unusual treatment of combs, including what appears to be deliberate breakage and selective burning, can be identified in many archaeological assemblages. Additionally, combs are frequently included into the design schemes of ceramics and stone carvings from the period, and references to their use and importance often appear in literary sources. They continue to feature in burials from the 5th century through to the 7th century, despite significant social, economic, political and ideological change taking place but, despite all of these compelling characteristics pointing to a powerful social symbolism, exploration of their role in embodying and signifying identity in this period has been somewhat limited. The research presented here explores the manner of their deposition in burials across early medieval England in order to understand their function in the creation of Anglo-Saxon personhood. To do this, combs recovered in previous archaeological excavations were analysed in relation to various burial attributes, such as sex, gender, age, burial rite, type, associated grave goods and their spatial placement to reveal correlations between combs, burial spaces and bodies. The results show that their deposition changed over time to reflect a shift in the significance of combs from one of conspicuous identity to a private, protected symbolism of personhood and the ‘lifecourse’ in the 6th and 7th centuries.
Archaeology and Ancient History Annual PGR Conference
Long Handled Combs: Determining 'Weaving' Comb Function by Examining Textile Tool Materials and Construction Techniques2017 •
The functions of textile tools in the British Iron Age have been understood through a combination of Scandinavian ethnographies of warp-weighted loom techniques and archaeological contexts. The depositional context, even if secure, does not unequivocally determine the function of a tool, as a presentation of long handled weaving combs will illustrate. Long handled weaving combs were discovered among other weaving tools, such as loomweights and spindle whorls, and early antiquarians assumed their association with weaving on the warp-weighted loom. Where spindle whorls and loomweights are straightforward tools and proven to be related to textile production in many societies, long handled weaving combs are outliers in this regard. They may or may not be used in warp-weighted loom weaving, and an assessment of their material attributes and methods of construction will shed light on their use. The materials and construction techniques which were used are partially influenced by their function, and assessing this can aid reconstructions of textile tool assemblages and production processes. A case study of Danebury and the Environs Programme material will illustrate the potential of this research and its utility in determining the possible functions of long handled combs.
2011 •
2019 •
2015 •
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